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941.
Prioritizing islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the United Kingdom overseas territories 下载免费PDF全文
Jeffrey Dawson Steffen Oppel Richard J. Cuthbert Nick Holmes Jeremy P. Bird Stuart H. M. Butchart Dena R. Spatz Bernie Tershy 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):143-153
Invasive alien species are one of the primary threats to native biodiversity on islands worldwide. Consequently, eradicating invasive species from islands has become a mainstream conservation practice. Deciding which islands have the highest priority for eradication is of strategic importance to allocate limited resources to achieve maximum conservation benefit. Previous island prioritizations focused either on a narrow set of native species or on a small geographic area. We devised a prioritization approach that incorporates all threatened native terrestrial vertebrates and all invasive terrestrial vertebrates occurring on 11 U.K. overseas territories, which comprise over 2000 islands ranging from the sub‐Antarctic to the tropics. Our approach includes eradication feasibility and distinguishes between the potential and realistic conservation value of an eradication, which reflects the benefit that would accrue following eradication of either all invasive species or only those species for which eradication techniques currently exist. We identified the top 25 priority islands for invasive species eradication that together would benefit extant populations of 155 native species including 45 globally threatened species. The 5 most valuable islands included the 2 World Heritage islands Gough (South Atlantic) and Henderson (South Pacific) that feature unique seabird colonies, and Anegada, Little Cayman, and Guana Island in the Caribbean that feature a unique reptile fauna. This prioritization can be rapidly repeated if new information or techniques become available, and the approach could be replicated elsewhere in the world. Priorización de Islas para la Erradicación de Vertebrados Invasores en los Territorios Exteriores del Reino Unido 相似文献
942.
Ayesha I.T. Tulloch Richard F. Maloney Liana N. Joseph Joseph R. Bennett Martina M.I. Di Fonzo William J.M. Probert Shaun M. O'Connor Jodie P. Densem Hugh P. Possingham 《Conservation biology》2015,29(2):513-524
Conservation outcomes are uncertain. Agencies making decisions about what threat mitigation actions to take to save which species frequently face the dilemma of whether to invest in actions with high probability of success and guaranteed benefits or to choose projects with a greater risk of failure that might provide higher benefits if they succeed. The answer to this dilemma lies in the decision maker's aversion to risk—their unwillingness to accept uncertain outcomes. Little guidance exists on how risk preferences affect conservation investment priorities. Using a prioritization approach based on cost effectiveness, we compared 2 approaches: a conservative probability threshold approach that excludes investment in projects with a risk of management failure greater than a fixed level, and a variance‐discounting heuristic used in economics that explicitly accounts for risk tolerance and the probabilities of management success and failure. We applied both approaches to prioritizing projects for 700 of New Zealand's threatened species across 8303 management actions. Both decision makers’ risk tolerance and our choice of approach to dealing with risk preferences drove the prioritization solution (i.e., the species selected for management). Use of a probability threshold minimized uncertainty, but more expensive projects were selected than with variance discounting, which maximized expected benefits by selecting the management of species with higher extinction risk and higher conservation value. Explicitly incorporating risk preferences within the decision making process reduced the number of species expected to be safe from extinction because lower risk tolerance resulted in more species being excluded from management, but the approach allowed decision makers to choose a level of acceptable risk that fit with their ability to accommodate failure. We argue for transparency in risk tolerance and recommend that decision makers accept risk in an adaptive management framework to maximize benefits and avoid potential extinctions due to inefficient allocation of limited resources. El Efecto de la Aversión de Riesgo sobre la Priorización de Proyectos de Conservación 相似文献
943.
Rising temperatures, a widespread consequence of climate change, have been implicated in enigmatic amphibian declines from habitats with little apparent human impact. The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), now widespread in Neotropical mountains, may act in synergy with climate change causing collapse in thermally stressed hosts. We measured the thermal tolerance of frogs along a wide elevational gradient in the Tropical Andes, where frog populations have collapsed. We used the difference between critical thermal maximum and the temperature a frog experiences in nature as a measure of tolerance to high temperatures. Temperature tolerance increased as elevation increased, suggesting that frogs at higher elevations may be less sensitive to rising temperatures. We tested the alternative pathogen optimal growth hypothesis that prevalence of the pathogen should decrease as temperatures fall outside the optimal range of pathogen growth. Our infection‐prevalence data supported the pathogen optimal growth hypothesis because we found that prevalence of Bd increased when host temperatures matched its optimal growth range. These findings suggest that rising temperatures may not be the driver of amphibian declines in the eastern slopes of the Andes. Zoonotic outbreaks of Bd are the most parsimonious hypothesis to explain the collapse of montane amphibian faunas; but our results also reveal that lowland tropical amphibians, despite being shielded from Bd by higher temperatures, are vulnerable to climate‐warming stress. Fisiología Termal, Enfermedades y Disminuciones de Anfibios en las Laderas Orientales de los Andes 相似文献
944.
Milko Novi? Irena Grgi? Mateja Poje Vida Hudnik 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4191-4196
Redox cycling of Fe(II)/Fe(III) during the catalyzed aqueous S(IV) oxidation by dissolved oxygen in the presence of Fe(II) and/or Fe(III) at an initial pHi of 4.4, often observed in atmospheric waters, was studied in detail. It has been found that the reaction rate is not considerably affected by the oxidation state of iron at the start of the reaction. An equilibrium between Fe(II) and Fe(III) was established a few minutes after the start of the reaction, regardless of the oxidation state of iron at the beginning of the experiment. The prevailing oxidation state of iron in a particular phase of the reaction depends on the concentration of S(IV) in the reaction solution. It has been found that the formation of polymerized hydroxo Fe(III) species is also included in the mechanism of the Fe-catalyzed oxidation of S(IV). The formation of these species was confirmed by the on-line measurement of Fe(II) and Fereac. The results also clearly demonstrate that the pHi of the solution is a major factor, controlling the concentration of Fe(III) ions, the form of S(IV) species, and consequently the reaction rate of S(IV) oxidation by oxygen. 相似文献
945.
Mingteh Chang Christopher M. Crowley Ahmad A. Nuruddin 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1995,13(3-4)
A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of herbaceous mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa) to six levels of cyclic soil moisture stresses in a 17-week period. The results showed that the cultivar continued to grow and the biomass continued to increase even when the soil moisture stress was as high as at the wilting point (1500 Kpa). Also, transpiration recovery rate was quick and values of root/shoot ratio were high when the plant was subject to the cyclic moisture stress condition. All these characteristics, along with strong rooting and spreading ability, suggest this legume as a promising drought hardiness species for reclamation purposes. 相似文献
946.
Poul Johansen Martin Munk Hansen Gert Asmund Palle Bo Nielsen 《Chemistry and Ecology》1991,5(1):35-55
In monitoring the impact of a lead-zinc mine in Greenland, species of fish, prawns, seaweed and mussels have been analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for several years. These metals have been released to the marine environment in significant amounts from the mining operation. 相似文献
947.
马驹如 《中国人口.资源与环境》1994,4(2):57-59
生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础,生物多样性保护已是当今人们最为关注的热点问题。越来越多的人认识到,生物资源是有限度的。实践表明,为保护物种栖息地而划定和管理的各种区域,对保护生物多样性有着重要的意义。在我国自然保护区被视为最典型和最有代表性的区域,也是生物多样性保护的重要基地。自然保护区保护着国家珍贵的动植物资源,拯救了濒危物种,保护了典型的生态环境,建设自然保护区是自然保护行之有效的手段。 相似文献
948.
949.
Zhan Manjun Yang Xi Yang Hongshen Kong Lingren 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(3):311-315
The photochemical degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was studied in the presence of natural humic substances from different
origins under simulated solar irradiation. BPA underwent insignificant direct photolysis in neutral water, but rapid photosensitized
degradation in four humic substances solutions via pseudo-first-order reaction occurred. The photo-degradation rate of BPA
was insensitive to the different initial BPA concentrations and was inhibited in aerated solution compared with the deoxygenated
medium. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ·OH and 1O2 produced from excitation of humic substances under irradiation was determined from the quenching kinetic experiment using
molecular probe. The five main intermediate photoproducts of BPA in Nordic lake fulvic acid (NOFA) were tentatively identified
using gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Based on the identification of ROS and the analysis of photoproduct formation,
the possible phototransformation pathways of BPA were proposed, involving the direct photolysis due to the energy transfer
from the triplet state humic substance (3HS*) to BPA molecules and hydroxyl radical addition and oxidation as well.
Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(6): 816–820 [译自: 环境科学学报] 相似文献
950.
Lu Sihua Liu Ying Shao Min Huang Shan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(2):147-152
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including
C3 to C12 alkanes, C3 to C11 alkenes, C6 to C12 aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical
compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source
profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical
mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute
more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation,
painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal
contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of
reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored. 相似文献